Roller Timing Chain

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Sometimes your sales are going through the roof and then suddenly they come to a halt, the work disappears and you must scramble to start your marketing cycle from scratch again. This economic roller coaster ride is all too common for small business owners.

Landing one or two very large clients can provide consistent work and cash flow but presents a potential danger, too. Putting all your eggs in one basket and focusing on these, while failing to prospect for new clients, isn't always wise.

The roller coaster problem is compounded by the fact that small business owners are often required to wear many different hats at the same time: meeting deadlines, addressing client concerns or employee demands, and dealing with cash-flow issues. On top of this, there are personal and family matters, which can be inescapable when working from a home office.

When you're busy and the business is humming along nicely, it's easy to neglect the very thing that got the sales going in the first place. Then, when sales drop off, panic sets in again. How can you turn this feast-or-famine cycle into a smooth, stress-free ride?

The Solution: Seven Steps to Keeping Your Sales Pipeline Filled and Flowing

Picture your sales cycle as a funnel, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. You need to keep as many prospective clients as possible entering the top of your funnel, then filtering down to your required number of new clients and signed contracts coming from the bottom. The idea is to always keep a constant stream of prospects entering your funnel.

Step One: Decide How Many New Customers or Sales You Need Each Month

What number would be ideal? What is the minimum number of clients (and sales revenue) you can get by with? How many is too many, and could strain your resources and compromise your service?

Be crystal clear about who you are marketing to. If you haven't done so already, create a profile of your ideal customer.

Step Two: Understand Your Sales Cycle

How many initial prospects do you need to contact in order to make a presentation? How many presentations do you need to make to gain one new client? What is your closing ratio? It boils down to a numbers game.

Step Three: Select Activities to Meet Your Prospects

Based on the number of initial contacts that you need to make, how many networking events will you need to attend, flyers will you need to mail, calls will you have to make?

What sort of prospect-generating activities will work best for you, fit your personality and put you in front of your target clients?

Remember: When you've made these contacts, stay in touch with them, nurture them and keep your name in front of them.

Step Four: Your Sales-Cycle Timing

In order to plan and predict cash flow, you need to understand the timing of your sales cycle. What is the average length of time from the initial contact to closing the sale and signing the contract or selling your product?

Step Five: Your Marketing Budget

Establish a marketing budget. Be aware of the cost in time as well as dollars. A series of print ads in the local newspaper or trade journal may cost thousands of dollars, but take very little of your time; whereas attending networking events is relatively inexpensive, but will take many hours of your time. Don't forget to compare the cost of gaining a new customer versus the cost of marketing to existing customers.

Step Six: Decide on Your Marketing Strategy

Select marketing activities that fit your budget, your available time and your personality. Consistency is key -- make marketing activities part of your daily routine!

Be selective You can't do everything, so choose a few activities that will work well for you.

Be realistic: Choose activities that you will do without procrastinating. Know yourself, and if you have issues that may sabotage your plan, you have two options:

a) Get help and change

b) Hire someone else to do it

Be creative: Don't just stick with what is familiar or comfortable. Try something different -- think outside the box. Choose more than one marketing approach.

Study other companies that are marketing successfully, talk to those responsible and find out what they're doing, and how and why it's working well for them.

Step Seven: Track Your Progress Regularly

Evaluate how well your plan is working. Find out which marketing methods are the most effective and are producing the best return on your dollar and time. Keep a log in a simple spreadsheet and track everything.

After analyzing their marketing results, a maid service discovered that their expensive display ad in the Yellow Pages generated inquiries only during the peak season, when they were already working at maximum capacity. However, less-expensive, but attractive door hangers with a discount coupon produced long term clients in just the right neighborhoods, enabling their teams to be more efficient.

The Bottom Line: Balance and Consistency

Your current customers need your attention too. Servicing them is a priority. However, you can never afford to "put marketing on the back burner for now," which can be especially tempting if you don't enjoy marketing. With limited time available, you must become as well organized, efficient and resourceful as possible. Use technology to your advantage; create and maintain a good database to communicate with customers and prospects. Employ the best possible contact management software for a business of your type and size.

Never buy into the misconception that you only need to market during slow times. No matter how busy you are, continue marketing. To stay ahead in business and avoid stressful cash flow ups and downs, marketing activities must become a regular part of your week. Set up your marketing plan, faithfully follow it, and enjoy a smooth, hassle-free ride!

Victoria K. Munro is co-founder (along with husband Dave Block) of Make-it-Fly® LLC, a company dedicated to creating success for small business owners through creatively designed programs and tools. Victoria has started and run nine different businesses. To receive FREE business success articles with tips to help you with your business, sign up for their award-winning ezine, "In-Flight Refueling," at: http://www.Make-it-Fly.com, and receive a free copy of the eBook, Get More Done in Less Time: 101 Quick and Easy Time Tactics & Tips.

Chain Drive

History

Polybolos (reconstruction) described by the Hellenistic writer Philo of Byzantium (3rd century BC). The semi-automated arrow thrower features the earliest known chain drive.

Oldest known illustration of an endless power-transmitting chain drive, from Su Song's book of 1092 describing his clock tower of Kaifeng

The oldest known application of a chain drive appears in the Polybolos, a repeating crossbow described by the Greek engineer Philon of Byzantium (3rd century BC). Two flat-linked chains were connected to a windlass, which by winding back and forth would automatically fire the machine's arrows until its magazine was empty. Although the device did not transmit power continuously since the chains "did not transmit power from shaft to shaft", the Greek design marks the beginning of the history of the chain drive since "no earlier instance of such a cam is known, and none as complex is known until the 16th century. It is here that the flat-link chain, often attributed to Leonardo da Vinci, actually made its first appearance."

The first continuous power-transmitting chain drive was depicted in the written horological treatise of the Song Dynasty (9601279) Chinese engineer Su Song (1020-1101 AD), who used it to operate the armillary sphere of his astronomical clock tower as well as the clock jack figurines presenting the time of day by mechanically banging gongs and drums. The chain drive itself was given power via the hydraulic works of Su's water clock tank and waterwheel, the latter which acted as a large gear.

The endless power-transmitting chain drive was invented separately in Europe by Jacques de Vaucanson in 1770 for a silk reeling and throwing mill. J. F. Tretz was the first to apply the chain drive to the bicycle in 1869.

Chains versus belts

Drive chains are most often made of metal, while belts are often rubber, plastic, or other substances. Although well-made chains may prove stronger than belts, their greater mass increases drive train inertia.

Drive belts can often slip (unless they have teeth) which means that the output side may not rotate at a precise speed, and some work gets lost to the friction of the belt against its rollers. Teeth on toothed drive belts generally wear faster than links on chains, but wear on rubber or plastic belts and their teeth is often easier to observe; you can often tell a belt is wearing out and about to break more easily than a chain.

Chains are often narrower than belts, and this can make it easier to shift them to larger or smaller gears in order to vary the gear ratio. Multi-speed bicycles with derailleurs make use of this. Also, the more positive meshing of a chain can make it easier to build gears that can increase or shrink in diameter, again altering the gear ratio.

Both can be used to move objects by attaching pockets, buckets, or frames to them; chains are often used to move things vertically by holding them in frames, as in industrial toasters, while belts are good at moving things horizontally in the form of conveyor belts. It is not unusual for the systems to be used in combination; for example the rollers that drive conveyor belts are themselves often driven by drive chains.

Drive shafts are another common method used to move mechanical power around that is sometimes evaluated in comparison to chain drive; in particular shaft drive versus chain drive is a key design decision for most motorcycles. Drive shafts tend to be even tougher and more reliable than chain drive, but weigh even more (robbing more power), and impart rotational torque.

Use in vehicles

Bicycles

Main article: Bicycle chain

Chain drive was the main feature which differentiated the safety bicycle introduced in 1885, with its two equal-sized wheels, from the direct-drive penny-farthing or "high wheeler" type of bicycle. The popularity of the chain-driven safety bicycle brought about the demise of the penny-farthing, and is still a basic feature of bicycle design today.

Automobiles

Transmitting power to the wheels

Chain final drive, 1912 illustration

Chain drive was a popular power transmission system from the earliest days of the automobile. It gained prominence as an alternative to the Systme Panhard with its rigid Hotchkiss driveshaft and universal joints.

A chain drive system uses one or more roller chains to transmit power from a differential to the rear axle. This system allowed for a great deal of vertical axle movement (for example, over bumps), and was simpler to design and build than a rigid driveshaft in a workable suspension. Also, it had less unsprung weight at the rear wheels than the Hotchkiss drive, which would have had the weight of the driveshaft to carry as well, which in turn meant that the tires would last longer.

Frazer Nash were strong proponents of this system using one chain per gear selected by dog clutches. The Frazer Nash chain drive system, (designed for the GN Cyclecar Company by Archibald Frazer-Nash and Henry Ronald Godfrey) was very effective, allowing extremely fast gear selections. The Frazer Nash (or GN) transmission system provided the basis for many "special" racing cars of the 1920s and 1930s, the most famous being Basil Davenport's Spider which held the outright record at the Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb in the 1920s. Frazer Nash cars are still raced in the UK.

Parry-Thomas was killed during a land speed record attempt in his car 'Babs' when the chain final-drive broke, decapitating him.

The last popular chain drive automobile was the Honda S600 of the 1960s.

Inside motors

Internal combustion engines often use chain drive to power the timing chain used to drive overhead camshaft valvetrains. This is an area in which chain drives frequently compete directly with belt drive systems, and an excellent example of some of the differences and similarities between the two approaches. For this application, chains last longer, but are often harder to replace. Being heavier, the chain robs more power, but is also less likely to fail. The camshaft of a four stroke engine must rotate at half crankshaft speed, so some form of reduction gearing is needed and a direct drive from the crankshaft isn't possible. Alternatives to chain drives include gear trains, bevel gear and shaft drives, or toothed flexible belt drives.

Transfer cases

'Silent chain' drives inside a 1912 gearbox

Today, inverted tooth drive chains are commonly used in passenger car and light truck transfer cases.

Motorcycles

Chain drive versus belt drive or use of a driveshaft is a fundamental design decision in motorcycle design; nearly all motorcycles use one of these three designs. See Motorcycle construction for more details.

See also

Bicycle chain

Chain pump

References

^ Green 1996, pp. 2337-2361

^ Cross & Morse in Birmingham, http://www.crossmorse.com

^ a b Werner Soedel, Vernard Foley: Ancient Catapults, Scientific American, Vol. 240, No. 3 (March 1979), p.124-125

^ Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cave Books, Ltd. Page 109.

^ Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cave Books, Ltd. Page 111, 165, 456457.

^ a b c Temple, Robert. (1986). The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention. With a forward by Joseph Needham. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0671620282. Page 72.

Bibliography

Green, Robert E. et al. (eds) (1996), Machinery's Handbook (25 ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN 978-0-8311-2575-2 .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Drive chains

The Complete Guide to Chain

Motorcycle primary and drive chains explained

Categories: Mechanics | Automotive transmission technologies | Mechanical power transmission | Mechanical power control
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